Решил помочь неугомонному IZ (респект за настойчивость!) с поисками примеров
нестандартного употребления Present Perfect (а то уже устал отбиваться
), и найти не просто фразы из худлита, а что-нибудь более "официальное". На форумах для изучающих английский язык обычно даются такие разъяснения:
"Past simple: Charles Dickens wrote some good books. (He is dead, so his bookwriting days are past.)
Present perfect: J.K. Rowling has written some good books. (She's still alive, so she can always write some more books, although her Harry Potter series is done.)"
Или:
"The main thing to remember is that the present perfect always indicates a connection to the present. It refers to a span of time in the past up until the present moment.(It can therefore, for example, rarely be used to refer to dead people, at least not in usual circumstances.)"
Но в гугл букс я откопал одну книгу, посвященную сравнению перфектных времен с простым прошедшим временем в английском языке: "The perfect and the preterite in contemporary and earlier English", автор: Johan Elsness, издательство Walter de Gruyter, 1997. Это длинное исследование узкой направлености, включающее в том числе изложение и сравнение теорий разных лингвистов (насколько я сумел разобрать, т.к. книга явно не для тех, кто просто изучает язык, и к тому же, как водится в гугл букс, приведена не полностью), но я обнаружил там примеры с объяснениями, касающиеся темы, обсуждаемой в данном топике. Вот нарезка из некоторых разбираемых в этой книге случаев употребления времен:
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...
(2.90) Newton has explained the movements of the moon.
where the present perfect seems fully acceptable, although the preterite might be expected to be used by anyone familiar with the fact that Newton is dead and has been so for some time. Jespersen's solution is to regard this as an exception to the rule that "in speaking of dead people the preterit is necessary" since here "the reference is to the result as affecting the present day". Jespersеn thus takes to imply that Newton's explanation "is still known or thought to be correct".
On the other hand, a preterite sentence like:
(2.91) Newton explained that the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.
"would imply that the explanaition has since been given up" (Jespersen) ... However (2.90) would also be acceptable if for instance the discourse topic is great scientific advances but not if it is Newton's various activities.
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(2.93) Christ has told us to love our neighbour.
(2.94) Christ told us to love our neighbour.
... Again the difference may be explained in terms of discourse topics: (2.93) seems likely to be preferred if the topic is for instance moral obligations held to be valid, (2.94) if the topic is (for example as given by the preceding context) is Chris's sayings and activities on earth.
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Another pair of examples illustrating the difference between the present perfect and the preterite in such cases is:
(2.95) Shakespeare has written some of the most beautiful poetry in the English language.
(2.96) Shakespeare wrote some of the most beautiful poetry in the English language.
Both of these seem perfectly acceptable. ... the difference is explained in terms of discourse topics: (2.95) may occur if the topic is for example English poetry, (2.96) will be preferred if it is for example Shakespeare's activities.
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Сходный вопрос, обсуждавшийся на одном форуме (в книге от тоже есть, то тут короче):
Can we say: "Einstein has visited Princeton" in a certain context?
Yes, you can say that. If you are talking about "Princeton-visting by a luminary", it works. "How can you say that Princeton is a cultural backwater? EINSTEIN has visited Princeton."
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Вообще, интересные вещи можно обнаружить в этой книге - такое употребление времен, которое и в голову не придет, если руководствоваться только правилами, которыми ограничиваются обычные учебники. О них и лингвисты спорят.
Английский язык
Автор
